Sudan's Crisis: Strengthening Security, Resilience and Humanitarian Response

^{by Musaab Fagiri}

Overview of the Crisis and the Need for Action

Since the ousting of Omar al-Bashir in 2019, Sudan has been gripped by a deepening crisis that continues to affect millions. Political instability, fueled by power struggles among military leaders, has created a perfect storm of violence, economic collapse, and humanitarian disaster. Over 14 million people now rely on humanitarian aid, and the situation shows no signs of improving anytime soon.

In response, a coalition of experts and organizations has outlined a comprehensive plan to tackle Sudan's security challenges while ensuring humanitarian needs are met. This diverse group includes UN agencies like OCHA and UNSC, international NGOs such as MSF and ICRC, Sudanese civil society organizations, and government representatives from Sudan and neighboring countries. Their approach focuses on strengthening community resilience, addressing gender-based violence (GBV), restoring critical infrastructure, and improving access for humanitarian workers. However, achieving these goals isn’t easy - ongoing violence, bureaucratic red tape, and insufficient funding have significantly hampered relief efforts. To make real progress, the international community must step up, enforcing international laws and providing long-term support to help Sudan on its path to recovery.

Roots of the Crisis and Political Instability in Sudan

Sudan’s troubles didn’t start with the removal of al-Bashir. Decades of political mismanagement, economic missteps, and social unrest have laid the groundwork for the crisis we see today. After al-Bashir’s departure, there was initial hope for a democratic transition. Protesters took to the streets, establishing makeshift governance hubs, showing the country’s desire for change. But optimism soon gave way to disillusionment. Military leaders, such as Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, quickly filled the power vacuum, creating further instability.

Fast forward to 2024, and Sudan is grappling with skyrocketing violence and mass displacement. Over 4 million people have been forced to flee their homes, and the nation’s fragile economy is barely holding on. Food insecurity is at an all-time high, with the ongoing conflict disrupting farming and food supply chains. Humanitarian organizations are struggling to deliver aid because of the escalating violence. It’s clear: something has to change.

Key Strategies for Security and Humanitarian Response

• Building Community Capacity for Crisis Resilience - One of the most effective ways to build resilience in Sudan is by strengthening its communities. Training programs focused on conflict resolution, mental health support, and disaster preparedness can equip local leaders with the tools they need to manage the ongoing crisis. By empowering community and religious leaders, Sudan can better handle both immediate threats and long-term challenges. There’s also a push to improve local infrastructure—particularly by constructing hazard-resistant buildings and setting up early warning systems for natural disasters like floods.

• Gender-Based Violence Mitigation - GBV is a widespread problem in Sudan, especially in conflict zones. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable. A key part of the blueprint involves conducting vulnerability screenings and setting up protection desks to assist survivors. By engaging local communities, safety audits can help identify risks and ensure that at-risk groups receive timely support. Health services, particularly in mental health and disease prevention, must be scaled up to meet these urgent needs.

• Restoring and Rebuilding Critical Infrastructure for Long-Term Recovery - The ongoing conflict has devastated essential infrastructure, leaving millions without access to clean water, electricity, or communication networks. Restoring these services is crucial for both immediate relief and long-term recovery. Priority should be given to regions most affected by violence, ensuring that communities can regain a sense of stability and access to basic resources.

• Ensuring Urgent and Safe Humanitarian Access - Humanitarian workers face significant challenges when trying to access conflict zones, often risking their lives to deliver aid. The international community needs to take a stronger stance against violations of international law that prevent aid from reaching those in need. Establishing early warning systems in high-risk areas will help ensure humanitarian assistance is delivered where it’s needed most.

• Managing Cross-Border Migration and Health Risks - With so many people fleeing Sudan’s crisis, managing cross-border migration has become a top priority. Quick assessments at border crossings are essential to provide timely aid to refugees and prevent human trafficking. Local authorities also need training to better manage migration flows, while upgrading sanitation facilities at border points will help mitigate health risks.

Case Studies

• Humanitarian Assistance in Conflict Zones - Despite the risks, grassroots organizations in Sudan have continued to provide essential services in conflict- affected areas. Though their capacity is limited, they remain a vital source of support. Negotiations have allowed some international aid to reach areas controlled by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), but overall insecurity still poses a significant challenge.

• Security Sector Reform Challenges - Reforming Sudan’s security sector is crucial to long-term stability. Countries like South Sudan offer a cautionary tale—without meaningful reforms, conflict will likely persist. A comprehensive security sector reform program is essential to ensure Sudan can break free from cycles of violence and chaos.

• Health and Emergency Preparedness Initiatives - Sudan’s health sector is in crisis, with many hospitals damaged or destroyed. Community-led health initiatives, such as water sanitation projects and pre-positioning medical supplies, are essential to prevent disease outbreaks. In addition, strengthening emergency response protocols through simulation exercises and training can help communities better manage future health crises.

International Collaboration for Crisis Recovery and Stability

Sudan can’t tackle this crisis alone. The international community has a crucial role to play in enforcing humanitarian laws, providing financial and logistical support, and ensuring long-term recovery efforts are sustained. Coordinated action between national and international players will be essential for success.

The Path Forward

Sudan's crisis requires more than just short-term fixes. The blueprint for better security risk management offers a comprehensive roadmap that addresses both immediate humanitarian needs and the longer-term goal of building a more resilient nation. By focusing on community engagement, restoring critical infrastructure, and ensuring humanitarian access, Sudan can begin its path to recovery.

However, significant obstacles remain, including resource constraints, political complexities, and security concerns. Overcoming these challenges will require strong, sustained international support and a commitment to meaningful reforms. Success depends on the adaptive implementation of strategies and a willingness to engage with diverse perspectives on the ground.

As the situation in Sudan continues to evolve, so too must our approaches to security risk management. Regular reassessment and refinement of strategies, coupled with ongoing dialogue among all affected parties, will be essential. This collaborative effort, involving both national and international stakeholders, is crucial for navigating the path towards stability and improved human security in Sudan.

The road ahead is undoubtedly challenging, but with coordinated action and unwavering commitment, there is hope for a more secure and prosperous future for the Sudanese people.